Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disease characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, cobblestone lissencephaly, and ocular malformations. Mutations in six genes involved in the glycosylation of á-dystroglycan (POMT1, POMT2, POMGNT1, FCMD, FKRP and LARGE) have been identified in WWS patients, but account for only a portion of WWS cases. To better understand the genetics of WWS and establish the frequency and distribution of mutations across WWS genes, we genotyped all known loci in a cohort of 43 WWS patients of varying geographical and ethnic origin. Surprisingly, we reached a molecular diagnosis for 40% of our patients and found mutations in POMT1, POMT2, FCMD and FKRP, many of which were novel alleles, but no mutations in POMGNT1 or LARGE. Notably, the FCMD gene was a more common cause of WWS than previously expected in the European/American subset of our cohort, including all Ashkenazi Jewish cases, who carried the same founder mutation. 相似文献
Almost all preventable neonatal deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and affect the poorest who have the least access to high quality health services. Cost of health care is one of the factors preventing access to quality health services and universal health coverage. In Nepal, the majority of expenses related to newborn care are borne by the caregiver, regardless of socioeconomic status. We conducted a study to assess the out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) for sick newborn care in hospitals in Nepal.
Methods
This cross-sectional study of hospital care for newborns was conducted in 11 hospitals in Nepal and explored OOPE incurred by caregivers for sick newborn care. Data were collected from the caregivers of the sick newborn on the topics of cost of travel, accommodation, treatment (drugs, diagnosis) and documented on a sick newborn case record form.
Results
Data were collected from 814 caregivers. Cost of caregivers’ stay accounted for more than 40% of the OOPE for sick newborn care, followed by cost of travel, and the baby’s stay and treatment. The overall OOPE ranged from 13.6 to 226.1 US dollars (USD). The median OOPE was highest for preterm complications ($33.2 USD; CI 14.0–226.1), followed by hyperbilirubinemia ($31.9 USD; CI 14.0–60.7), respiratory distress syndrome ($26.9 USD; 15.3–121.5), neonatal sepsis ($ 25.8 USD; CI 13.6–139.8) and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy ($23.4 USD; CI 13.6–97.7).
Discussion for practice
In Nepal, OOPE for sick newborn care in hospitals varied by neonatal morbidity and duration of stay. The largest proportion of OOPE were for accommodation and travel. Affordable and accessible health care will substantially reduce the OOPE for sick newborn care in hospitals.
Objective—To find how closely pressure gradients across the aortic arch derived from Doppler echocardiography reflect gradients measured by catheter after surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta.Design—Pressure drop across the aortic arch was measured simultaneously by continuous wave Doppler and double lumen catheter in 20 patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta.Results—The peak pressure drop estimated by Doppler was almost invariably higher than the peak to peak gradient measured by catheter, as might be expected. Wide variation was seen between the Doppler measured pressure drop and instantaneous peak gradient measured by catheter, ranging from +22 to −17 mm Hg. The reasons for these differences are unclear but are probably related to a combination of complex flow dynamics in the aortic arch, difficulty in closely aligning the Doppler beam with flow, and inability to measure flow velocity immediately proximal to the site of the surgical repair with continuous wave Doppler.Conclusions—Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography may significantly overestimate or underestimate the pressure drop after repair of coarctation and it should be interpreted with caution in individual patients. Catheterisation with angiography remains the reference standard for assessment of surgical repair of the aortic arch. 相似文献
An isomorph of the glabrous hand is visible in primary somato-sensory
cortex (area 3b) of owl monkeys in brain sections cut parallel to the
surface and stained for myelin. A mediolateral row of five ovals, separated
by myelin-light septa, represents digits and corresponds precisely with
cortical sites activated by light touch on individual digits in
microelectrode recordings. A number of caudal ovals relate to pads of the
palm. A more distinct septum separates the hand from the more lateral face
representation. Within the face representation, two large myelin-dense
ovals can be identified that are activated by the upper or lower face in a
caudo-rostral sequence. Accidental finger loss or dorsal column section,
deafferentations that result in reorganization of the physiological map in
area 3b, do not alter the morphological map. The proportions for each digit
and palm in the morphological map do not vary across normal and
deafferented animals. Similar isomorphs were also seen in area 3b of
squirrel and macaque monkeys. We conclude that the anatomical isomorph for
the body surface representation in area 3b is a reliable reflection of
normal cortical organization and may be a common feature of the primate
area 3b. The isomorph can provide a reference in studies of somatotopic
reorganization.
相似文献